ENGLISH 9 1-2 - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: None
Open to: 9
Credit: 2

An English class is required for all ninth grade students. This English course provides students grammar, composition, literature, speech, and vocabulary enrichment. A brief review of parts of speech, parts of the sentence, and mechanics precedes the study of verbals and dependent clauses. Composition study includes a sequence of varied writing assignments with emphasis on prewriting, organization, documentation, and revision. Literature study encompasses various literary genre and various literary themes. Oral communication emphasizes effective listening and speaking techniques. Reading and writing workshop activities are implemented through the year.

ENGLISH 9, Honors, 1-2 - Top

Classification: Honors
Prerequisite: Selection Process
Open to: 9
Credit: 2

This class is the honors alternative to English 9. This course provides students with challenging literature, composition, and grammar experiences. Literature study encompasses various literary genre and themes. Composition study includes a sequence of varied writing assignments with emphasis on prewriting, organization, documentation, and revision. A brief review of parts of speech and parts of the sentence precedes the study of dependent clauses and phrases with emphasis on practical application to students' own writing. Additional skills related to library research, speaking experiences, test-taking, and vocabulary are also emphasized. The purpose of the course is to enhance students' reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills as they develop higher level thinking skills.

ENGLISH 10 1-2 - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: English 9
Open to: 10
Credit: 1

In the sophomore year, students must take a two-semester core program. One semester will focus on oral communication: speaking and listening skills and information literacy skills. The other semester combines literature, composition, grammar, spelling, and vocabulary. In addition to several mini-review lessons, grammar will be taught in the context of students' writing. Vocabulary and spelling skills will be built through the literature selections, free-reading, and oral presentations. Composition skills will be taught with heavy emphasis on revision and conferencing. Students will compose various types of compositions, including investigative projects. Appreciation of good literature and a love of reading will be nurtured through thematic units focused around major literary works and supplemental high-interest reading. Thematic units will include novels, short stories, drama, poetry and nonfiction.

ENGLISH 10, Honors - Top

Classification: Honors
Prerequisite: English 9/Selection Process
Open to: 10
Credit: 1

This course is offered to students recommended as honors students in English. Admission to the course will be through administrative selection with student agreement. Course content includes an integrated, in-depth curriculum in literature, composition, grammar, and vocabulary. In addition to several mini-review lessons, grammar will be taught in the context of students' writing. Vocabulary and spelling skills will be built through literature selections, free-reading, and oral presentations. Composition studies and assignments will be varied to help students understand different modes of writing and to develop skills in prewriting, organization, documentation, and research. Appreciation of good literature and a love of reading will be nurtured through thematic units focused around major literary works and supplemental high-interest reading. Thematic units will include novels, short stories, drama, poetry, and nonfiction. The course will encourage the creative development of individual talents and will challenge the students to become critical thinkers and proficient communicators. There is no English 10, Honors, 2. Students take English 10 2.

AMERICAN LITERATURE 11 1-2 - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: English 10
Open to: 11
Credit: 2

This is a survey course of American writers from the time of the Puritans to modern times. In addition, this course teaches basic composition and oral communication skills with emphasis on the writing process, mechanics, and the various types of compositions usually required in college courses. Most writing assignments will be based on literary selections. Two research papers are required of each student for successful completion of the course. To complement a study of writers and their works from each time period, students will also read The Scarlet Letter, The Great Gatsby, and Death of a Salesman.

English Language and Composition 1-2, AP - Top

Classification: Advanced Placement
Prerequisite: Four Credits in English
Open to: 11
Credit: 2

This is an accelerated course for those junior students who show exceptional ability in English. One part of this course will use challenging reading assignments, both fiction and nonfiction, as a basis for thematic analysis of American Literature. There will be an emphasis on a close, thoughtful reading of representative literary text. A major goal is to develop the ability to read and write with concise accuracy, responsibility, and insight. Frequent writing assignments will encourage students to develop their abilities to critique and interpret readings. Two research papers are required of each student for successful completion of the course. Another significant portion of this course will be practice AP testing. Though prepared, students enrolled in this course are not required to take the corresponding AP test.

ENGLISH 11 1-2/U. S. History 5-6 - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: English 10
Open to: 11 (participation will be limited)
Credit: 2 English; 2 Social Studies

The interdisciplinary approach of this course will enhance students' awareness of the relationship of historical events and literature. In addition to covering American writers, composition, and United States history, students will become aware that the American experience is a conglomerate, not separate historical events or literary movements. Novels, short stories, plays, and poetry will be used to enhance students' understanding of historical development. Higher order thinking skills, interpretive writing, research skills, small group discussions and projects, and oral presentations will be used. Two research papers are required of each student for successful completion of the course. Successful completion of this course satisfies the junior requirements of two English and two social studies credits. This class meets every day.

ENGLISH 11, Honors, 1-2/ U. S. HISTORY 5-6 - Top

Classification: Honors
Prerequisite: English 10/Selection Process
Open to: 11
Credit: 2 English; 2 Social Studies

This interdisciplinary course is offered to students recommended as honors students in English and social studies. Admission to the course will be through administrative selection. The course enhances student awareness of the relationship between historical events and literature and helps students develop a clear understanding and usage of higher order thinking skills and creativity. In addition to covering American writers, composition, and United States history, students will become aware that the American experience is a conglomerate, not separate historical events or literary movements. Novels, short stories, plays, and poetry will be used to enhance the understanding of historical development. Higher order thinking skills, interpretive writing, research skills, small group discussions and projects, oral presentations and large lecture will be utilized. Two research papers are required of each student for successful completion of the course. Successful completion of this course satisfies the junior requirements of two English and two social studies credits. This class meets every day.

ENGLISH LITERATURE - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: English 10
Open to: 11, 12 (mature sophmores with teacher recommendation)
Credit: 1

This one-semester course is an intense study of English literature. The class will be approached sequentially. This course will be driven by one major work from each time period accompanied by excerpts, poetry, and shorter writings of the same era. There will be an emphasis on Shakespeare as he is generally recognized as the most important writer of the English language. In addition to a study of fiction and nonfiction, the historical impact on the literature will be discussed. The following periods will be covered: Anglo-Saxon, Medieval, Renaissance, Seventeenth Century, Restoration, Romantic, Victorian, Modern, and Contemporary. All genres(drama, essay, novel, poetry, and short story)will be presented. Students taking this course may not take English Literature and Composition 2, AP.

ETYMOLOGY - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: None
Open to: 9, 10, 11, 12
Credit: 1

This intensive course helps students build vocabulary through a knowledge of Greek and Latin prefixes, roots, and suffixes. It also provides connotative and denotative meanings of words in written and oral contexts. Emphasis is on the practical use of derivatives including increased writing skills and better understanding of written material. Recommended for college, this course does require rigorous memorization, intense daily homework, and weekly tests.

LITERARY MOVEMENTS - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: English 10
Open to: 11, 12 (mature sophomores with teacher recommendation)
Credit: 1

Literary Movements provides a genre study of European and American literature produced in Ancient Greece through Post-Modernism. This course provides an interdisciplinary examination of the connection between intellectual and historical trends including political, philosophical-theological, and aesthetic issues as well as specific literary movements. Writing and discussion activities will provide students with opportunities to explore these trends and movements and crucial concepts in developing a philosophy for life. Writing assignments will be based on literary selections including Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse, The Death of Ivan Ilyich by Leo Tolstoy, The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka, Man's Search for Meaning by Viktor Frankl, a selection of works by Jean-Paul Sartre, and other authors.
A student in this course will develop the tools to be a creative and critical thinker, will develop and test his own opinions, and will develop the skill of sharing/expressing ideas with his peers through reading, writing, speaking, and listening. A student in this course will be a lifelong learner, adeptly utilizing tools for critique to examine pertinent and controversial issues in his own life, in academia, and in the world around him. This course fosters continual critical thinking outside of the classroom for personal growth and community growth.

NOVELS - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: English 11/Amer. Lit. 11
Open to: 12
Credit: 1

This is an advanced reading course for students to broaden their literary background for college. With guidance from the instructor, the student will choose his selections from a list of noteworthy authors of classical and current novels. The grade is based on variety, quality, and quantity of reading, as well as individual conferences. One paper is required from each student for successful completion of the course. Recommended for college.

ADVANCED COMPOSITION - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: None
Open to: 12
Credit: 1

This course is designed to enhance the writing and communication skills of the college-bound student through a variety of compositions, including, but not limited to, reader's response, persuasion, causal analysis, and literary critique/analysis. Allowing for individual learning styles and special abilities, the course develops skills in independent study, research, writing, critical thinking, and problem-solving. Students also do presentations of information gained through research. Required for successful completion of the course are an argument paper and a literary critique/analysis.

BIBLICAL LITERATURE - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: None
Open to: 9, 10, 11, 12
Credit: 1

This course is a non-religious approach to the study of selections from the Bible as literature. Emphasis is on authors, plot, characters, themes, and literary techniques. Work will focus on the historical, biographical, cultural, and geographical aspects of each book read. Writing and discussion opportunities are included.

CREATIVE WRITING - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: English 11/Amer. Lit. 11
Open to: 12
Credit: 1

This college-preparatory course is designed for seniors who seek to improve their writing skills and expand their approach to writing by developing their creative process. It is geared for the student who has mastered the mechanics of writing and standard grammar. Students will work with description, researched-based analysis, narration, and poetry. Students complete reader responses to/short story analysis of excellent models of short story writing. Students also read articles by professional writers giving writing tips. Students do read alouds of each original piece of writing within both peer groups and class. They also write and perform short dramatizations. Much of the writing will be done in class with individualized assistance and/or in the computer writing lab where experience in keyboarding is necessary. Recommended for college.

TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION (TP) - Top

Classification: Tech Prep
Prerequisite: English 11/ Amer. Lit. 11
Open to: 12
Credit: 1

This course integrates written assignments with the construction of mechanical objects using Erector sets, K'NEX bridges, K'NEX simple machines, and robots, plus non-mechanical problem-solving exercises. Writing projects include graphs, instruction manuals, recommendation reports, informal proposals, and technical reports. These assignments culminate in a formal researched multi-media written and oral proposal. Technical vocabulary building activities are also included. This course is designed for the student who may enter a two-year technical program and/or the workplace or who would like to attend a traditional university better prepared for the expected rigors of technical writing.

CLASSICAL LITERATURE - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: English 9
Open to: 10, 11, 12
Credit: 1

This course presents a comprehensive overview of the mythology systems of the ancient Greeks, the Anglo-Saxons, the British, and the Norsemen. The major works covered are as follows: The Iliad, The Odyssey, Jason and the Golden Fleece, The Crystal Cave, Morte d'Arthur, and an assortment of Viking legends. Composition and oral communication opportunities are included.

SPEECH 1 - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: None
Open to: 12
Credit: 1

Basic Communication: Speech 1 introduces the student to a variety of speech activities. These activities will include interpersonal communication, group discussion, job interviewing, formal public speaking, poetry reading, news broadcasting and children's story telling. In order to complete the above-mentioned oral presentations, students will be required to write outlines, resumes, editorials, news broadcasts, as well as original critical thinking critiques of self and peers. An overview and sampling of Speech 2 and Advanced Speech and Communications 3 will be included as well as preparation for successful communication experiences. The student must present a final exam speech in order to receive credit in the course. This course includes reading a variety of written text.

SPEECH 2 - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: None
Open to: 9, 10, 11, 12
Credit: 1

Advanced Communication: Many speeches will require research. All will require proper speech craft, structure, outlining techniques and polished presentations. Students will complete required reading and writing related to speaking opportunities. Creativity and higher thinking skills, both independent and with a partner/group, will be utilized. Speech 2 will help the student develop both self-confidence and the skills needed for success in future communication activities. For successful completion of the course, the student must present a final exam speech.
Speech 2 is a public speaking course geared for the college-bound and for those professions where presentations play an important role in their success.

ADVANCED SPEECH AND COMMUNICATION 3 - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: None
Open to: 9, 10, 11, 12
Credit: 1

Performance Speaking:This class is open to all students regardless of previous speech experience; however, background in drama will be helpful. The student will study literature as a performance art and concentrate on improving vocal skills, such as expression, articulation and intonation. Different types of poetry, prose, and plays will be selected as well as participation in readers theatre performances. Students will be exposed to a variety of literary genre and writing experiences related to all of the individual oral presentations. Classes will perform for elementary schools.

ADVANCED SPEECH AND COMMUNICATION 4 - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: Selection Process
Open to: 9, 10, 11, 12
Credit: 1

Gifted speakers should be challenged by college-level presentations in the following areas: dramatic and humorous interpretation, duo interpretation, prose, poetry, radio broadcasting, foreign and domestic extemporaneous, discussion, and impromptu. Students will need to read a variety of literary works in order to select their individual presentations. Students will additionally be required to create various written end products.
Although there is no prerequisite, this course is designed for students who are interested in participating in competitive speech. Students will earn membership to the National Forensics League through competition and performance.

GROUP DISCUSSION - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: None
Open to: 9, 10, 11, 12
Credit: 1

This course is open to all high school students regardless of previous speech experience. However, students who sign up for this course should have a specific interest in the real world applications of debate including the discussion of political, personal, and commercial topics. Students will gain skills in doing research, organizing ideas and information, critical listening, critical and creative thinking, persuasive presentation, and self-confidence as they relate to the real world application of debate skills.
Students will gather, read, and assess the opinions and writings of politicians, academics, and experts who are knowledgeable on specific current events topics. They will prepare arguments and participate in various types of discussion and make persuasive presentations.
This course may be repeated, but only one credit may count as an English credit. (This course may not be used as an English credit toward the Indiana Core 40, and it may not count at all for the Academic Honors Diploma.)

DEBATE 1 - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: None
Open to: 9, 10, 11, 12
Credit: 1

This course is open to all high school students regardless of previous speech experience. However, students who sign up for the course should have a specific interest in competitive debate and an interest in eventually competing on the debate team. Students will be exposed to Policy, Lincoln-Douglas, and Congress. The student will gain skills in doing research, organizational techniques, critical listening, critical and creative thinking, persuasive presentation, and self-confidence.
Students will read the opinions and writings of philosophers, politicians, academics, and experts who are knowledgeable on specific debate topics. They will prepare cases and briefs according to the competitive debate style. As a result, students will be in-depth researchers, technical and persuasive writers and speakers, effective communicators and perceptive and critical listeners.
A final original oratory is required from each student for successful completion of the course. The oratory will be a final testament to the writing and communication skills they have gained throughout the semester.
 Debate 1 may be repeated, but only one credit may count as English credit for graduation purposes.

DEBATE 2 - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: Selection Process
Open to: 10, 11, 12
Credit: 1

Debate 2 is open to the student who has either successfully completed and passed Debate 1 or has competed on the debate team for one season. This excludes all students who are currently enrolled in Debate 1. Students who choose this course must commit to competing in at least five debate meets during the current season. Participation in these meets will count as part of the course assessment. Students who take this course will meet simultaneously with a Debate 1 course and will be spread evenly among the Debate 1 classes scheduled for that semester.
In this course students will continue to use the expertise they acquired while taking Debate 1 or through one season of competition. They will work independently to prepare thoroughly for debate meets, using the instructor as a guide and mentor. Students will also take a leadership role in the Debate 1 classes by presenting mini-lessons and serving as group leaders and mentors for students in their section. In addition, they will take advantage of opportunities to practice with other Debate 2 students during class time. Through all of this, students will continue to develop as in-depth researchers, technical and persuasive writers and speakers, effective communicators, and perceptive and critical listeners.

ADVANCED DEBATE 3-4 - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: Debate 2
Open to: 11, 12
Credit: 2

Advanced Debate 3-4 is open to the student who has successfully completed Debate 1 and 2 or has competed on the debate team two seasons. This excludes all students who are currently enrolled in Debate 1 or 2. Students who choose this course must commit to competing in at least five debate meets during the current season. Participation in these meets will count as part of the course assessment. Students who take this course will meet simultaneously with a Debate 1 course and will be spread evenly among the Debate 1 classes. scheduled for that semester. In this course students will continue to use the expertise they acquired while taking Debate 1 and 2 or through two seasons of competition. They will work independently to prepare thoroughly for debate meets, using the instructor as a guide and mentor. Students will also take a leadership role in the Debate 1 classes by presenting mini-lessons and serving as group leaders and mentors for students in their section. In addition, they will take advantage of opportunities to practice with other Advanced Debate students during class time. Through all of this, students will continue to develop as in-depth researchers, technical and persuasive writers and speakers, effective communicators, and perceptive and critical listeners.

ENGLISH LITERATURE AND COMPOSITION 1, Advanced Placement - Top

Classification: Honors and Advanced Placement
Prerequisite: Selection Process
Open to: 12
Credit: 1

This senior course is offered to students recommended as most able students in English and ready for college-level work. One part of this course will use challenging reading assignments, both fiction and nonfiction, as a basis for thematic analysis. The second part of the course will utilize class reading assignments, discussion, and practice AP testing. Critical analysis skills, oral presentations, and researched writing will be emphasized. Though prepared, students enrolled in this course are not required to take the corresponding AP test. This course does not fulfill the English Literature requirement for seniors.

ENGLISH LITERATURE AND COMPOSITION 2, Advanced Placement - Top

Classification: Honors and Advanced Placement
Prerequisite: Selection Process
Open to: 12
Credit: 1

This Advanced Placement English course is a college-level course in reading and critical analysis of literature. The student will study challenging British literature of 19th and 20th Century and use this wide reading knowledge in written and oral discussions. Written assignments focus on critical analysis, exposition, and argument. Through speaking, listening, researching, and reading, but chiefly through their own writing, students should become more aware of the resources of language. This course prepares the student to take the Advanced Placement Examinations. Though prepared, students enrolled in this course are not required to take the corresponding AP test. This course fulfills the English Literature requirement for seniors.

ADVANCED COMPOSITION - Top

Classification: Advance College Project
Prerequisite: Six credits in English
Open to: 12
Credit: 1 CHS and 3 hours (I.U.)

W131 is a course in critical reading, writing, and thinking with sources in which students will experience the varied range of academic writing. Students will master the skills of summary, critique, analysis, synthesis, research, and documentation. Students will also learn to adapt the writing process and apply various organization strategies to match the purpose of the individual assignment. Topics for writing will be developed from reading about and discussing in-depth issues under debate in different disciplinary fields and among the general public. Students are asked not only to discuss and write about these issues but also to examine the different analytical frameworks and assumptions that various authors and we ourselves bring to such conversations. A research paper is required for successful completion of the course.
Students must be eligible for admission to Indiana University in order to be admitted to this course. Regular university fees will be charged, and credits are transferable to most colleges and universities in the country.

GENRES OF LITERATURE: ACP A202 - Top

Classification: Advance College Project (103ACP)
Prerequisite: Six credits in English
Open to: 12
Credit: 1 CHS and 3 hours (I.U.)

This course emphasizes a close, thoughtful reading of representative literary texts in poetry, drama, fiction, novel (and appropriate non-fiction prose) originally written in English and drawn from a range of historical periods and countries. The course is not a survey of the literature of any country or historical period. A major goal is to develop the ability to read and write with precision, responsibility, and imagination through class discussion and the writing of several short, critical responses. These papers are to be developed entirely from students' own careful reading and analysis. Close reading of a few selected texts, rather than wide coverage, is encouraged. Students will be expected to use and distinguish among a variety of approaches to literary interpretation, both through the use of literary tropes and various critical frames, as appropriate to each work.
Students must be eligible for admission to Indiana University in order to be admitted to this course. Regular university fees will be charged, and credits are transferable to most colleges and universities in the country.

GRAMMAR - Top

Classification: Regular
Prerequisite: None
Open to: 9, 10, 11, 12
Credit: 1

This course is offered to students who feel a need for a serious review of grammar. The course will begin with the study of parts of speech and include all aspects of sentence structure. Problems of usage will stress verbs and pronouns. Correct speech and clear, correct sentences will be emphasized. (This course may not be used as an English credit toward the Indiana Core 40, and it may not count at all for the Academic Honors Diploma.)

LANGUAGE ARTS LAB- 9 1-2; 10 1-2 - Top

Classification: Remedial
Prerequisite: Selection Process
Open to: 9, 10, 11
Credit: .5-2 (elective)

Language Arts Lab is a remediation course designed to give students who have not yet developed proficiency in the application of the reading-language arts standards. Students gain reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills necessary to perform successfully both in the school and the community. Using an integrated approach to teach the Indiana Reading-Language Arts standards, the program instills a lifelong interest in, as well as an appreciation for, reading and writing. Individualized instruction dominates the teaching strategies employed in a student-centered classroom that focuses on reading and writing in both the content and general areas. Students may continue in language arts lab for no credit for semesters beyond their 2 credit maximum. Language Arts 1-2 must be taken by students who did not pass the English/Language Arts portion of ISTEP+ in the 8th grade.

BASIC SKILLS DEVELOPMENT - Top

Classification: Remedial
Prerequisite: Selection based upon ISTEP+ results
Open to: 9, 10, 11, 12
Credit: .5 (elective)

This course is required for students who did not successfully meet the language arts standard on their most recent ISTEP+ exam.
The focus of this course is on strengthening skills in areas identified as deficient on the students' ISTEP+ individual reports. Reading analysis and writing skills are stressed. Students are provided with individual assistance in topics from the Indiana Language Arts Proficiency Guide that are necessary for success on the graduation exam.

DEVELOPMENTAL READING - Top

Classification: Remedial
Prerequisite: Selection process
Open to: 9, 10, 11, 12
Credit: 1-2 (elective)

Developmental Reading provides study and practice in the strategies necessary to increase reading comprehension. This course emphasizes strategies for adapting method and speed of reading to the type of material and purpose for reading. It also includes strategies for using reading to gather, retain, and analyze information. Students apply the strategies learned to a variety of types of reading material, ranging from newspapers and magazines to self-selected books. Individual diagnostic testing will be done, and an individualized program will be developed to enable each student to read, write, organize, and utilize school facilities such as the Media Center with more confidence.This course develops the students' appreciation of reading as a lifelong leisure activity. Presentations on and discussions of reading further internalize reading as a meaningful and social activity.

ENGLISH AS A NEW LANGUAGE 1-2 - Top

Classification: English as a New Language (ENL)
Prerequisite: Non-native speakers
Open to: 9, 10, 11, 12
Credit: 4

This course is designed for the beginning ENL student, Levels 1 & 2. Students in this class will experience learning the English language by listening, speaking, reading, and writing in English. Classes will be taught using all modalities (visual, auditory, oral, and physical). Students will receive a grade for this class.
ENL students may take no more than two semesters of ENL English without also being enrolled in English 9. ENL students desiring to meet Core 40 requirements or earn an Academic Honors Diploma need eight regular English credits in addition to any ENL English credits.

ENGLISH AS A NEW LANGUAGE 2 1-2 - Top

Classification: English as a New Language (ENL)
Prerequisite: Non-native speakers
Open to: 9, 10, 11, 12
Credit: 2

This course is designed for the intermediate student learning English, Levels 3 & 4. Students will improve their English skills through listening, speaking, writing, and reading English. The course of study will include intensive grammar study applied to writing. Students will read from a number of sources for specific purposes: books, magazines, and newspapers. Vocabulary study, both formal and informal, will improve their reading and writing. A writing process will be utilized. Viewing and responding/interpreting visual images will also be addressed. Critical thinking skills will be utilized while synthesizing information and solving problems. Assessments will be tests, quizzes, performances, and projects.
ENL students may take no more than two semesters of ENL English without also being enrolled in English 9. ENL students who desire to meet Core 40 requirements or earn an Academic Honors Diploma need eight regular English credits in addition to any ENL English credits.

Reading Assisted Study Hall - Top

Classification: Non Credit Offering

This study hall is for students needing reading assistance for their academic classes. Neither grades nor credit is given for this class. Must be approved by reading specialist. (139-140)

ENL Study Hall - Top

Classification: Non Credit Offering

This class is for ENL students, levels 1-2. Students take this class for specific help in their academic classes. Neither grades nor credit is given for this class. Must be approved by ENL instructor. (574-575)